A sustainable monitoring approach to manage complex archaeological sites – The example of Pompeii

The proposed methodology introduces an innovative framework for monitoring and managing complex archaeological sites, with a primary focus on the Archaeological Park of Pompeii. It tackles a range of natural and anthropogenic hazards, including those exacerbated by climate change, aiming to establish a sustainable and resilient management process for heritage preservation. By combining advanced technologies with multi-level and multi-scale strategies, the approach integrates seamlessly with the park’s existing data systems, offering a comprehensive solution to monitor, assess, and mitigate risks.

The model operates across three distinct assessment levels. The Local Assessment (LA), conducted annually, involves on-site surveys performed by expert teams. These surveys use standardized forms to identify key degradation issues and apply fragility indices to assess the condition of site elements comprehensively. The General Assessment (GA), carried out monthly, leverages drone technology and artificial intelligence tools to monitor the broader site, identify potential risks, and track changes over time. This level is particularly useful for identifying criticalities related to weather conditions or structural vulnerabilities. The Detailed Assessment (DA) is implemented as needed in response to specific findings from the LA or GA, or in the aftermath of extreme events. It provides in-depth analysis using specialized investigations and advanced monitoring technologies, such as sensors, to inform precise and sustainable interventions.

Flow-chart of the developed Monitoring Approach

Pompeii serves as a prime case study for this methodology, as it presents unique challenges due to its extensive size, historical significance, and exposure to multiple risks. These include volcanic activity from nearby Mount Vesuvius, high seismicity associated with Apennine faults, and hydrogeological hazards like flooding and erosion. Additionally, the effects of climate change, such as freeze-thaw cycles, biological degradation, and the transport of pollutants, accelerate the deterioration of the site’s structures and materials. By integrating a WebGIS database and Internet of Things (IoT) tools, the proposed approach enhances the ability to monitor and predict decay patterns, enabling timely and effective decision-making.

Example of monitoring sheet

The monitoring framework builds on the accomplishments of the Great Pompeii Project (2012–2022), which elevated the conservation and restoration standards of the site. Now, the focus shifts to maintaining these standards through ordinary and sustainable management practices. The framework employs technologies like drone-based surveys, digital mapping, and predictive models to create a dynamic and adaptable system. These tools not only ensure the preservation of Pompeii’s rich cultural heritage but also offer insights that can be applied to other archaeological sites facing similar challenges.

Overlay of the georeferenced drone survey with the QGIS database

By adopting a proactive approach to monitoring and maintenance, the methodology addresses both routine and emergency needs. The LA level provides detailed annual insights into degradation patterns, enabling the prioritization of resources and interventions. The GA level ensures regular, site-wide assessments to identify emerging issues, while the DA level addresses critical situations through specialized investigations. This hierarchical structure allows for efficient allocation of human and financial resources, ensuring interventions are made only when necessary and in a manner that preserves the authenticity of the archaeological remains.

The innovative integration of digital tools, adaptive fragility analysis, and advanced monitoring techniques provides a scalable model for managing archaeological heritage globally. The approach emphasizes the importance of ordinary maintenance, allowing heritage managers to transition from reactive to proactive strategies. This ensures not only the long-term preservation of the Archaeological Park of Pompeii but also its resilience against future challenges posed by climate change and other hazards.

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